About OKCIR—i

All the Titles Published in this 12-Book Series—ii

About this Book—iv

About the Series Author and Editor—viii

Acknowledgments—xxi

Foreword by Winston E. Langley—1

Foreword by Jafar Aghayani Chavoshi—09

Preface to Book 12: How a Method Framed in the Quantum Sociological Imagination Helped Solve the Riddles of Omar Khayyam’s Life and His Robaiyat amid All His Works: A Recap from the Prior Books of This Series—11

Introduction to Book 12: Toward A Textually and Historically More Reliable Biography of Omar Khayyam (AD 1021-1123) Based on the Findings of This Series—27

1. The Collected Works of Omar Khayyam: The Organization of This Last Book of the Series—27
2. The Scientific Requirements for the Study of Omar Khayyam’s Biography—34
3. Delineating the New Findings of This Series That Make Possible a Textually and Historically More Reliable Biography for Omar Khayyam—39

1) Omar Khayyam’s True Date of Birth (AD 1021) Discovered—40

2) Omar Khayyam’s Historically Known True Date of Passing (AD 1123) Reconfirmed—40

3) Omar Khayyam’s Horoscope: A Possible Biographical Source of His Personal Interest in Astronomy and Critical Attention to Astrology—42

4) The Biographical Significance of the Stated Feature of Samimi (Cazimi) in Omar Khayyam’s Horoscope: Possible Source of a Personal Trouble and Motivation, and a Trope in His Robaiyat—46

5) The Biographical Significance of the Silent Features of Triplicities and Venus Secrecy in Omar Khayyam’s Horoscope: Inspirations for His Pen Name and for the Trope “Sewing Tents of Wisdom”—47

6) Omar Khayyam’s Three-Classmates Childhood Story Could Have Been True, Even Though Differently Told—49

7) Omar Khayyam’s Personally Attended Teachers Reaffirmed: al-Movaffaq, al-Anbari, and Ibn Sina (Avicenna)—51

8) The Biographical Significance of Omar Khayyam’s Relation to Abu Taher: What Was Khayyam Doing Before His Work in Isfahan?—52

9) Omar Khayyam’s Friends or Foes: Nezam ol-Molk, Abu Said abol-Kheyr, Moshkavi, Moayyed ol-Molk, Fakhr ol-Molk, Soltan Sanjar, and Muhammad Ghazali—53

10) The Key Biographical Significance of the Secretiveness of Khayyam’s Robaiyat for Solving Many Riddles of His Life and Works—54

11) Omar Khayyam’s Relation to Sufism Clarified—55

12) Omar Khayyam’s Alleged Character Traits Refuted—58

13) The Othersystemic Utopystics of Omar Khayyam’s Creative Social Activism by Way of His Pen’s Secretive Poetics—60

4. The Islamophobic and Islamophilic Colonialities of Edward FitzGerald’s “Rubaiyat”: Decolonizing How He World-Famously Distorted Omar Khayyam’s Robaiyat—65
5. Now We Know: Lifelong, Omar Khayyam Was Secretively Writing the Robaiyat as His Poetic Autobiography for Posthumous Release—87

CHAPTER I—How Omar Khayyam’s True Dates of Birth and Passing (AD 1021-1123) Were Discovered and Reconfirmed in This Series: Further Explaining and Demonstrating Swami Govinda Tīrtha’s Errors in Using Khayyam’s Horoscope for the Purpose—89

1. Introduction—89
2. Omar Khayyam’s True Dates of Birth and Passing (AD 1021-1123): A Brief Summary of the Findings of Books 2 and 3 of This Series—90
3. Further Explaining and Demonstrating the Errors Made by Swāmi Govinda Tīrtha in Studying Omar Khayyam’s Reported Birth Horoscope—99
4. Conclusion—137

CHAPTER II—The Persian Text and A New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Science of the Universals of Existence—139

1. Introduction—139
2. The Persian Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Science of the Universals of Existence—146
3. The English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Science of the Universals of Existence—154

CHAPTER III—Omar Khayyam’s Annotated Persian Translation of Avicenna’s “Splendid Sermon” in Arabic on God’s Unity and Creation: The Manuscript with a New English Translation—161

1. Introduction—161
2. The Persian Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Annotated Translation of Avicenna’s “Splendid Sermon” on God’s Unity and Creation—168
3. New English Translation of the Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Annotated Persian Translation of Avicenna’s “Splendid Sermon” in Arabic on God’s Unity and Creation—172

CHAPTER IV—Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Created World and Worship Duty: The Arabic Manuscript with Updated Persian and New English Translations—177

1. Introduction—177
2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s “Treatise on the Created World and Worship Duty”—188
3. Updated Persian Translation of Omar Khayyam’s “Treatise on the Created World and Worship Duty”—192
4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s “Treatise on the Created World and Worship Duty”—201

CHAPTER V—Part 1 of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence Addressed to Abu Taher Regarding the Necessity of Contradiction, Determinism, and Survival: The Arabic Manuscript with Updated Persian and New English Translations—209

1. Introduction—209
2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 1: On the Necessity of Contradiction, Determinism, and Survival—214
3. Updated Persian Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 1: On the Necessity of Contradiction, Determinism, and Survival—218
4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 1: On the Necessity of Contradiction, Determinism, and Survival—224

CHAPTER VI—Part 2 of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence Addressed to Abu Taher Regarding Attributes: The Arabic Manuscript with Updated Persian and New English Translations—231

1. Introduction—231
2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 2: On Attributes—238
3. Updated Persian Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 2: On Attributes—242
4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 2: On Attributes—250

CHAPTER VII—Part 3 of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence Addressed to Abu Taher Regarding the Light of Intellect on ‘Existent’ as the Subject Matter of Universal Science: The Arabic Manuscript with Updated Persian and New English Translations—257

1. Introduction—257
2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 3: On Existent: The Light of Intellect on the Subject Matter of Universal Science—263
3. Updated Persian Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 3: On Existent: The Light of Intellect on the Subject Matter of Universal Science—265
4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Existence, Part 3: On Existent: The Light of Intellect on the Subject Matter of Universal Science—269

CHAPTER VIII—Omar Khayyam’s Treatise Addressed to Moshkavi in Response to Three Questions on Soul’s Survival, the Necessity of Accidents, and the Nature of Time: The Arabic Manuscript with Updated Persian and New English Translations—273

1. Introduction—272
2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise “Response to Three Questions: Soul’s Survival, Necessity of Accidents, and Nature of Time”—280
3. Updated Persian Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise “Response to Three Questions: Soul’s Survival, Necessity of Accidents, and Nature of Time”—284
4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise “Response to Three Questions: Soul’s Survival, Necessity of Accidents, and Nature of Time”—289

CHAPTER IX—Omar Khayyam’s Treatise in Music on Tetrachords: The Arabic Text with New Persian and English Translations—295

1. Introduction—295
2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise in Music on Tetrachords—301
3. New Persian Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise in Music on Tetrachords—303
4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise in Music on Tetrachords—309

CHAPTER X—Omar Khayyam’s Treatises on the Straight Balance and on How to Use a Water Balance to Measure the Weights of Gold and Silver in a Body Composed of Them: The Arabic Texts with New Persian and English Translations—315

1. Introduction—315
2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Two Treatises, One on Using a Water Balance to Measure the Weight of Gold and Silver in a Body Composed of Them, and Another on the Straight Balance—329
3. Persian Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Two Treatises, One on Using a Water Balance to Measure the Weight of Gold and Silver in a Body Composed of Them, and Another on the Straight Balance—333
4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Two Treatises, One on Using a Water Balance to Measure the Weight of Gold and Silver in a Body Composed of Them, and Another on the Straight Balance—339

CHAPTER XI—Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Dividing A Circle Quadrant to Achieve a Certain Proportionality: The Arabic Text, the Persian Translation by Gholamhossein Mosaheb, and Its New English Translation—349

1. Introduction—349
2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Dividing A Circle Quadrant—357
3. The Persian Translation by Gholamhossein Mosaheb of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Dividing A Circle Quadrant—366
4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on Dividing A Circle Quadrant—377

CHAPTER XII—Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Proofs of Problems in Algebra and Equations: The Arabic Text, the Persian Translation by Gholamhossein Mosaheb, and Its New English Translation—393

1. Introduction—393
2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Proofs of Problems in Algebra and Equations—403
3. The Persian Translation by Gholamhossein Mosaheb of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Proofs of Problems in Algebra and Equations—426
4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Proofs of Problems in Algebra and Equations—459

CHAPTER XIII—Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Explanation of Postulation Problems in Euclid’s Work: The Arabic Text, the Persian Translation by Jalaleddin Homaei, and Its New English Translation—509

1. Introduction—509
2. The Arabic Manuscript of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Explanation of Postulation Problems in Euclid’s Work—524
3. The Persian Translation by Jalaleddin Homaei of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Explanation of Postulation Problems in Euclid’s Work—545
4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Treatise on the Explanation of Postulation Problems in Euclid’s Work—573

CHAPTER XIV—Astronomy and Astrology: Integratively Viewing Omar Khayyam’s Extant, Non-Extant, or Differently Extant Scientific Works in the Context of His Own Philosophy and Theology—617

1. Introduction—615
2. Omar Khayyam’s Other Scientific Treatises on Nature, Geography, Music, and Arithmetic—616
3. Astronomy and Its Relation to Astrology: Omar Khayyam, the Isfahan Observatory, and Iran’s Solar Calendar Reform—623
4. Revisiting Nezami Arouzi’s Comments on Omar Khayyam’s Opinion of Astrology—637
5. Understanding the Scientific Works of Omar Khayyam Integratively—645
6. Conclusion: The Robaiyat as A Critique of Fatalistic Astrology—653

CHAPTER XV—Omar Khayyam’s Literary Treatise “Nowrooznameh”: Updated Persian Text and Its New English Translation for the First Time—657

1. Introduction: How “Nowrooznameh” Was Discovered and Its Obvious Authorship by Omar Khayyam Was Oddly Debated in Iran—657
2. A Summary of the Findings of this Series in “Nowrooznameh”—677
3. The Persian Text of Omar Khayyam’s Literary Treatise “Nowrooznameh” (The Book on Nowrooz): An Updated Edition Based on the Berlin Manuscript (Used in Its Mojtaba Minovi Edition and Also in Its Ali Hasouri Edition) and the Partial London and Other Manuscripts (Used in Its Edition by Rahim Rezazadeh Malek)—688
4. New English Translation of Omar Khayyam’s Literary Treatise “Nowrooznameh” (The Book on Nowrooz)—722
5. Introduction of the Book, Nowrooznameh—724
6. On the Customs of Persian Kings—731
7. The Arrival of the [Zoroastrian] Priest of Priests and the Offering of Nowroozi Gifts—732
8. The High Acclamation of the [Zoroastrian] Priest of Priests in Their Own Expression—732
9. Speaking of the Gold and What Is Necessary to Be Said About It—734
10. Signs of the Buried Treasures—735
11. Speaking of the Ring and What Is Necessary to Be Said About It—737
12. Speaking of the Budding Barley Grain and What Is Necessary to Be Said About It—740
13. Speaking of the Sword and What Is Necessary to Be Said About It—741
14. Speaking of the Bow and Arrow and What Is Necessary to be Said About Them—743
15. Speaking of the Pen and Its Attribute, and What Is Necessary to Be Said About It—746
16. Speaking of the Horse, Its Art, and What Is Necessary to Be Said About It—750
17. Names of Horses in the Persian Language—751
18. Speaking of the Falcon, and of Its Art, and What is Necessary About It—753
19. On Selecting a Falcon—753
20. Stories About the Benefits of the Wine—754
21. Story About the Meaning of the Origin of Wine—757
22. A Speech on the Attribute of the Beautiful Face—759

CHAPTER XVI—Unveiling the Open and Hidden Functions of the Mysterious North Dome of Isfahan: How Omar Khayyam Designed, for His Commissioned Projects of Solar Calendar Reform and Building Its Astronomical Observatory, Iran’s Most Beautiful Dual-Use Structure for the Annual Celebration of Nowrooz—763

1. Introduction—763
2. The Twenty-Year Reign of Soltan Malekshah and His Commission to Build an Astronomical Observatory in Isfahan to Reform Iran’s Solar Calendar—764
3. What Nowrooznameh Reveals about the Need for Solar Calendar Reform and Its Associated Observatory and Nowrooz Celebratory Building Projects—771
4. The Official ICOMOS and ICHHTO Accounts of the Nature and History of the North Dome amid the Wider Complex of Masjed-e Jāmeʿ of Isfahan—778
5. The Views of Architectural Historians Arthur Upham Pope, Eric Schroeder, Oleg Grabar, and Eugenio Galdieri, about the North Dome—792
6. The Contributions of the Late Turkish Architectural Historian Alpay Özdural to Understanding the Design of the North Dome—814
7. What Does the Strange Built-In Pattern of the Interior Ceiling of the North Dome Mean?—834
8. The Open and Hidden Functions of the North Dome as a Dual-Use Astronomical Observatory Site for the Annual Celebration of Nowrooz—847
9. Conclusion—858

CHAPTER XVII—Omar Khayyam’s Arabic and Persian Poems Other than His Robaiyat: Translated into Persian (from Arabic) and English—861

1. Introduction—861
2. Omar Khayyam’s Other Poems Expressing Doubt—872
3. Persian Ghazal Poem: “A Talk with the Intellect”—872
4. Arabic Poem: “Plea for Brotherhood”—874
5. Arabic Poem: “Intellect’s Astonishment”—875
6. Arabic Poem: “The Near Distant”—876
7. Arabic Poem: “Malefic Fortunes”—876
8. Arabic Poem: “Complaints to Unjust Spheres”—877
9. Omar Khayyam’s Other Poems Expressing Hope—878
10. Persian Qasideh Poem: “Conversing with a Philosopher-Judge”—878
11. Arabic Poem: “How I Worship”—880
12. Arabic Poem: “No Fear of the Times”—881
13. Omar Khayyam’s Other Poems Expressing Joy—881
14. Arabic Poem: “Light Over Darkness”—881
15. Arabic Poem: “Flood of Droplets”—882
16. Arabic Poem: “Secretive Sense”—883
17. Arabic Poem: “Freedom”—884

CHAPTER XVIII: The Robaiyat of Omar Khayyam: Re-Sewing the Tentmaker’s Tent as His Secretive Autobiography: 1000 Bittersweet Sips from His Tavern of Happiness, Logically Organized Based on Khayyam’s Own Three-Phased Method of Inquiry—885

Introduction: How Khayyam’s Worldview as Expressed in All His Other Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Writings Offer An Interpretive Framework for His Robaiyat—885

The Robaiyat of Omar Khayyam: Part 1 of 3: Songs of Doubt Addressing the Question “Does Happiness Exist?”

I. Secret Book of Life (راز دفتر عمر)—p. 911

II. Alas! (افسوس)—p. 916

III. Times (زمانه)—p. 923

IV. Spheres (افلاك)—p. 927

V. Chance and Fate (قضا و قدر)—p. 935

VI. Puzzle (معمّا)—p. 938

VII. O God! (خدايا)—p. 942

VIII. Tavern Voice (ندا از ميخانه)—p. 954

IX. O Wine-Tender (اى ساقى)—p. 960

The Robaiyat of Omar Khayyam: Part 2 of 3: Songs of Hope Addressing the Question “What Is Happiness?”

X. Drunken Way (راه مستى)—p. 967

XI. Willfulness (اراده)—p. 977

XII. Foes and Friends (دوست و دشمن)—p. 981

XIII. Wealth (ثروت)—p. 990

XIV. Today (امروز)—p. 998

XV. Pottery (كوزه گرى)—p. 1009

XVI. Cemetery (گورستان)—p. 1012

XVII. Paradise and Hell (بهشت و جهنم)—p. 1015

The Robaiyat of Omar Khayyam: Part 3 of 3: Songs of Joy Addressing the Question “Why Can Happiness Exist?”

XVIII. Garden (باغ)—p. 1023

XIX. Wine (شراب)—p. 1030

XX. Love (عشق)—p. 1045

XXI. Night (شب)—p. 1050

XXII. Death and Survival (مرگ و بقا)—p. 1053

XXIII. Liberation (رهايى)—p. 1058

XXIV. Return (بازگشت)—p. 1070

Conclusion: Integrative Reflections on the Robaiyat of Omar Khayyam as His Secretive Autobiography (“Book of Life”)—1073

1. 1. Integrative Reflections on Part 1 of the Robaiyat—1073
   2. Integrative Reflections on Part 2 of the Robaiyat—1091
   3. Integrative Reflections on Part 3 of the Robaiyat—1105
   4. Re-Sewing the Last Pieces of the Jig-Saw Puzzle: The Meaning and Significance of the Tropes of Grand Tent, the Simorgh, and 1000 in the Robaiyat of Omar Khayyam—1119

Appendix: Transliteration System Used in this Series—1131

Book 12 References—1139

Book 12 Index—1151